N-alkoxy-4,4-dioxy-polyalkyl-piperidine compounds, their corresponding n-oxides and controlled radical polymerization therewith

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to selected 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure, a polymerizable composition comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and b) said piperidine derivatives. Further aspects of the present invention are a process for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and the use of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure for controlled polymerization. The intermediate N-oxyl derivatives, a composition of the N-oxyl derivatives with ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a free radical initiator, as well as a process for polymerization are also subjects of the present invention.

The present invention relates to selected 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure, a polymerizable composition comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and b) said piperidine derivatives. Further aspects of the present invention are a process for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and the use of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,6 dimethyl piperidine derivatives which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure for controlled polymerization. The intermediate N-oxyl derivatives, a composition of the N-oxyl derivatives with ethylenically unsaturated monomers and a free radical initiator, as well as a process for polymerization are also subjects of the present invention.

The compounds of the present invention provide polymeric resin products having low polydispersity. The polymerization process proceeds with good monomer to polymer conversion efficiency. In particular, this invention relates to stable free radical-mediated polymerization processes which provide homopolymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, multiblock copolymers, graft copolymers and the like, at enhanced rates of polymerization and enhanced monomer to polymer conversions.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,429 to Solomon et al., issued Apr. 8, 1986, discloses a free radical polymerization process which controls the growth of polymer chains to produce short chain or oligomeric homopolymers and copolymers, including block and graft copolymers. The process employs an initiator having the formula (in part) R′R″N—O—X, where X is a free radical species capable of polymerizing unsaturated monomers. The reactions typically have low conversion rates. Specifically mentioned radical R′R″N—O. groups are derived from 1,1,3,3 tetraethylisoindoline, 1,1,3,3 tetrapropylisoindoline, 2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine, 2,2,5,5 tetramethylpyrrolidine or di-t-butylamine. However, the suggested compounds do not fulfill all requirements. Particularly the polymerization of acrylates does not proceed fast enough and/or the monomer to polymer conversion is not as high as desired.

EP-A-0 574 666 describes some novel 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine compounds and their preparation, which have an open chain or cyclic ketal structure in the 4 position.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626 discloses also nitroxides and their preparation which are derived from 2,6-diethyl-2,6-dimethyl piperidine which have a ketal structure in 4 position.

However none of the nitroxide and nitroxylether compounds have been described as regulators/initiators for controlled radical polymerization.

GB 2335190 firstly discloses polymerization regulators/initiators on the basis of 2,2,6,6-tetraalkylpiperidine, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one group is different from methyl. No specific compound having a ketal structure in the 4-position is mentioned.

It has now been found, that amongst those 2,2,6,6-tetraalkylpiperidines generically disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,429 and GB 2335190 those are of particular value which are derivatives of 1-alkoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl piperidine, 1-alkoxy-2,2 diethyl-6,6 dimethyl piperidine and of 1-alkoxy-2,6 diethyl-2,6 dimethyl piperidine which are substituted in the 4 position by two oxygen atoms forming an open chain or cyclic ketal structure.

The ketal structure in 4 position ensures high thermal stability which is important for storage, particularly at elevated temperatures. The ketal structure is thermally significantly more stable compared to the corresponding 4-oxo compound.

The compounds exhibit an unchanged initiating/regulating activity even after storage at elevated temperatures as for example used in conventional stability tests.

Another problem associated with nitroxyl or nitroxyl ether mediated free radical polymerization is the formation of a significant color of the resulting polymer. The compounds of the present invention which have a ketal structure in 4-position impart significantly less color to the polymer compared to other prior art compounds of similar structure.

The steric hindrance introduced by the two ethyl groups instead of two methyl groups further leads to an increased initiating activity and control of polymerization.

The particular substitution pattern in 2 and 6 position of the piperidine ring allows high monomer to polymer conversions in short times and low polydispersities which are generally below 2. High monomer to polymer conversions are even achieved with acrylates, such as ethyl- or butyl-acrylate. The temperature necessary to achieve high conversion in short times may be for example as low as 120° C.

One subject of the present invention is a polymerizable composition, comprising

a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, and

b) a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

wherein n is 1 or 2; X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, —CH₂CH═CH₂, CH₃CH—CH═CH₂, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclo-pentenyl, (C₁-C₄alkyl)CR₂₀—C(O)-phenyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—N-di(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH₂, wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁,)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene.

Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein the compound is of formula Ia or IIa.

C₁-C₁₂alkyl can be linear or branched. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, t-octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl or dodecyl.

Alkenyl having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, for example propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-2,4-pentadienyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, n-2-octenyl, n-2-dodecenyl, isododecenyl.

Alkinyl having from 3 to 25 carbon atoms is a branched or unbranched radical, for example propinyl (—CH₂—C≡CH), 2-butinyl, 3-butinyl, n-2-octinyl or n-2-dodecinyl.

Examples of alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy or octoxy.

C₇-C₉phenylalkyl is for example benzyl, α-methylbenzyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl or 2-phenylethyl, benzyl is preferred.

C₁-C₁₂alkylene is a branched or unbranched radical, for example methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, decamethylene or dodecamethylene.

C₅-C₈cycloalkyl is for example cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, methylcyclopentyl or cyclooctyl.

Examples of a monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms are formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, the isomers of valeric acid, methyl ethyl acetic acid, trimethyl acetic acid, capronic acid, lauric acid or stearic acid. Examples for unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, linolic acid and oleic acid.

Typical examples of cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids are cyclohexane carboxylic acid or cyclopentane carboxylic acid.

Examples of aromatic carboxylic acids are benzoic acid, salicylic acid or cinnamic acid.

Examples of dicarboxylic acids are oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acidglutaric acid adipic acid, sebatic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid.

Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl and the other substituents are as defined above, most preferably X is CH₃CH-phenyl.

Also preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl;

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms.

More preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is CH₃CH-phenyl;

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁,)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or; wherein

R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄;

R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl;

R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

Most suitable individual compounds are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 TABLE 1 Compounds according to formula (Ia) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

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28

29

30

31

32

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35

36

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38

39

40

41

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52

53

TABLE 2 Compounds according to formula IIa 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

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44

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48

49

50

51

52

53

TABLE 3 Compounds according to formula IIIa 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

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18

19

20

21

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26

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32

33

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35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

Particularly preferred are the compounds of Table 1 and 2.

Most preferred are following compounds:

4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine (Table 1, Nr. 4)

7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (Table 1, Nr 10)

7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (Table 1, Nr 11)

[7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol (Table 1, Nr. 18)

8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table 1, Nr. 34)

8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table 1, Nr. 35)

2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene (Table 1, Nr. 40)

[8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol (Table 1, Nr 41)

9-(Cyclohex-2-enyloxy)-8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane

Preferably the ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, styrene, substituted styrene, conjugated dienes, acrolein, vinyl acetate, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, maleic anhydride, (alkyl)acrylic acidanhydrides, (alkyl)acrylic acid salts, (alkyl)acrylic esters, (meth)acrylo-nitriles, (alkyl)acrylamides, vinyl halides or vinylidene halides.

Particularly the ethylenically unsaturated monomers are ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, α-C₅-C₁₈alkene, styrene, α-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene or a compound of formula CH₂═C(R_(a))—(C=Z)-R_(b), wherein R_(a) is hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, R_(b) is NH₂, O^(−(Me) ⁺), glycidyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, C₂-C₁₀₀alkoxy interrupted by at least one N and/or O atom, or hydroxy-substituted C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₈alkylamino, di(C₁-C₁₈alkyl)amino₁ hydroxy-substituted C₁-C₁₈alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C₁-C₁₈alkyl)amino, —O—CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂ or —O—CH₂—CH₂—N+H(CH₃)₂ An⁻;

An⁻is a anion of a monovalent organic or inorganic acid;

Me is a monovalent metal atom or the ammonium ion.

Z is oxygen or sulfur.

Examples for R_(a) as C₂-C₁₀₀alkoxy interrupted by at least one O atom are of formula

wherein R_(c) is C₁-C₂₅alkyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted by C₁-C₁₈alkyl, R_(d) is hydrogen or methyl and v is a number from 1 to 50. These monomers are for example derived from non ionic surfactants by acrylation of the corresponding alkoxylated alcohols or phenols. The repeating units may be derived from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures of both.

Further examples of suitable acrylate or methacrylate monomers are given below.

wherein An⁻and R_(a) have the meaning as defined above and R_(e) is methyl or benzyl. An⁻ is preferably Cl⁻, Br⁻ or ⁻O₃S—CH₃.

Further acrylate monomers are

Examples for suitable monomers other than acrylates are

Preferably R_(a) is hydrogen or methyl, R_(b) is NH₂, gycidyl, unsubstituted or with hydroxy substituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylamino, di(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino, hydroxy-substituted C₁-C₄alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C₁-C₄alkyl)amino; and

Z is oxygen.

Particularly preferred ethylenically unsaturated monomers are styrene, methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, butylacrylate, isobutylacrylate, tert. butylacrylate, hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, dimethylaminoethylacrylate, glycidylacrylates, methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, glycidyl(meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylamide or dimethylaminopropyl-methacrylamide.

Preferably the initiator compound is present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 20 mol-%, more preferably in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 10 mol-% and most preferred in an amount of from 0.05 mol-% to 10 mol-% based on the monomer or monomer mixture.

When monomer mixtures are used mol-% is calculated on the average molecular weight of the mixture.

Another subject of the present invention is a process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, which comprises (co)polymerizing the monomer or monomers/oligomers in the presence of an initiator compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa under reaction conditions capable of effecting scission of the O—C bond to form two free radicals, the radical .X being capable of initiating polymerization.

Preferably scission of the O—C bond is effected by ultrasonic treatment, heating or exposure to electromagnetic radiation, ranging from γ to microwaves.

More preferably the scission of the O—C bond is effected by heating and takes place at a temperature of between 50° C. and 160° C.

The process may be carried out in the presence of an organic solvent or in the presence of water or in mixtures of organic solvents and water. Additional cosolvents or surfactants, such as glycols or ammonium salts of fatty acids, may be present. Other suitable cosolvents are described hereinafter.

Preferred processes use as little solvents as possible. In the reaction mixture it is preferred to use more than 30% by weight of monomer and initiator, particularly preferably more than 50% and most preferrably more than 80%.

If organic solvents are used, suitable solvents or mixtures of solvents are typically pure alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane), hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene), halogenated hydrocarbons (chlorobenzene), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), esters (ethyl acetate, propyl, butyl or hexyl acetate) and ethers (diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), or mixtures thereof.

The aqueous polymerization reactions can be supplemented with a water-miscible or hydrophilic cosolvent to help ensure that the reaction mixture remains a homogeneous single phase throughout the monomer conversion. Any water-soluble or water-miscible cosolvent may be used, as long as the aqueous solvent medium is effective in providing a solvent system which prevents precipitation or phase separation of the reactants or polymer products until after all polymerization reactions have been completed. Exemplary cosolvents useful in the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, glycols, ethers, glycol ethers, pyrrolidines, N-alkyl pyrrolidinones, N-alkyl pyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, amides, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, esters, organosulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, alcohol derivatives, hydroxyether derivatives such as butyl carbitol or cellosolve, amino alcohols, ketones, and the like, as well as derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Specific examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol, dioxane, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, dipropylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, and other water-soluble or water-miscible materials, and mixtures thereof. When mixtures of water and water-soluble or water-miscible organic liquids are selected as the aqueous reaction media, the water to cosolvent weight ratio is typically in the range of about 100:0 to about 10:90.

The process is particularly useful for the preparation of block copolymers.

Block copolymers are, for example, block copolymers of polystyrene and polyacrylate (e.g., poly(styrene-co-acrylate) or poly(styrene-co-acrylate-co-styrene). They are usefull as adhesives or as compatibilizers for polymer blends or as polymer toughening agents. Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylate) diblock copolymers or poly(methylacrylate-co-acrylate-co-methacrylate) triblock copolymers) are useful as dispersing agents for coating systeme, as coating additives (e.g. rheological agents, compatibilizers, reactive diluents) or as resin component in coatings(e.g. high solid paints) Block copolymers of styrene, (meth)acrylates and/or acrylonitrile are useful for plastics, elastomers and adhesives. Furthermore, block copolymers of this invention, wherein the blocks alternate between polar monomers and non-polar monomers, are useful in many applications as amphiphilic surfactants or dispersants for preparing highly uniform polymer blends. The (co)polymers of the present invention may have a number average molecular weight from 1 000 to 400 000 g/mol, preferably from 2 000 to 250 000 g/mol and, more preferably, from 2 000 to 200 000 g/mol. When produced in bulk, the number average molecular weight may be up to 500 000 (with the same minimum weights as mentioned above). The number average molecular weight may be determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) or, if the initiator carries a group which can be easily distinguished from the monomer(s), by NMR spectroscopy or other conventional methods.

The polymers or copolymers of the present invention have preferably a polydispersity of from 1.0 to 2, more preferably of from 1.1 to 1.9 and most preferably from 1.1 to 1.8.

Thus, the present invention also encompasses in the synthesis novel block, multi-block, star, gradient, random, hyperbranched and dendritic copolymers, as well as graft or copolymers.

The polymers prepared by the present invention are useful for following applications:

adhesives, detergents, dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants, defoamers, adhesion promoters, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity improvers, lubricants, rheology modifiers, thickeners, crosslinkers, paper treatment, water treatment, electronic materials, paints, coatings, photography, ink materials, imaging materials, superabsorbants, cosmetics, hair products, preservatives, biocide materials or modifiers for asphalt, leather, textiles, ceramics and wood.

Because the present polymerizaton is a “living” polymerization, it can be started and stopped practically at will. Furthermore, the polymer product retains the functional alkoxyamine group allowing a continuation of the polymerization in a living matter. Thus, in one embodiment of this invention, once the first monomer is consumed in the initial polymerizing step a second monomer can then be added to form a second block on the growing polymer chain in a second polymerization step. Therefore it is possible to carry out additional polymerizations with the same or different monomer(s) to prepare multi-block copolymers.

Furthermore, since this is a radical polymerization, blocks can be prepared in essentially any order. One is not necessarily restricted to preparing block copolymers where the sequential polymerizing steps must flow from the least stabilized polymer intermediate to the most stabilized polymer intermediate, such as is the case in ionic polymerization. Thus it is possible to prepare a multi-block copolymer in which a polyacrylonitrile or a poly(meth)-acrylate block is prepared first, then a styrene or butadiene block is attached thereto, and so on.

Furthermore, there is no linking group required for joining the different blocks of the present block copolymer. One can simply add successive monomers to form successive blocks.

A plurality of specifically designed polymers and copolymers are accessible by the present invention, such as star and graft (co)polymers as described, inter alia, by C. J. Hawker in Angew. Chemie, 1995, 107, pages 1623-1627, dendrimers as described by K. Matyaszewski et al. in Macrmolecules 1996, Vol 29, No. 12, pages 4167-4171, graft (co)polymers as described by C. J. Hawker et al. in Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 155-166 (1997), random copolymers as described by C. J. Hawker in Macromolecules 1996, 29, 2686-2688, or diblock and triblock copolymers as described by N. A. Listigovers in Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8992-8993.

The compounds of formula Ia, IIa and IIIa are novel. A further subject of the present invention is therefore a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

wherein n is 1 or 2; X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, (CH₃)₂CCN, —CH₂CH═CH₂, CH₃CH—CH═CH₂ (C₁-C₄alkyl)CR₂₀—C(O)-phenyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—N-di(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH₂, wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; with the proviso that compounds A, B, C are excluded

The definitions and preferences given above apply also for the compounds.

The compounds of formula Ia, IIa and IIIa may be prepared from the corresponding nitroxides, which are intermediates. Suitable methods are for example described in the European Application No. 00810461.4, European Application No. 00810246.9 and in GB 2335190. These nitroxides can also be used as polymerization regulators in combination with a source of free radicals.

A further subject of the invention is therefore a polymerizable composition, comprising

a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer;

b) a compound of formula Ib or 11b

wherein n is 1 or 2; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and c) a source of free radicals capable of initiating polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Preferred is a polymerizable composition wherein in the compound of formula Ib or IIb

n is 1

Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or

Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—,CH(R₁,)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or; wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄;

R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl;

R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

Specific nitroxide compounds useful in the present invention are given in Tables 4 and 5. TABLE 4 Compounds according to formula (Ib) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

TABLE 5 Compounds according to formula (IIb) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

The compounds of Table 4, and 5 are particularly preferred.

Most preferred are the following compounds.

4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 4)

7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 10)

7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 11)

7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decan-8-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 18)

8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr 34)

8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5,5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 35)

2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 40)

8,10-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5,5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tab. 4, Nr. 41)

The source of radicals may be a bis-azo compound, a peroxide or a hydroperoxide.

The production of C-centered radicals is described, inter alia, in Houben Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. E 19a, pages 60-147. These methods can be applied in general analogy.

Preferably, the source of radicals is 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 1,1′-azobis(1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyramide) dihydrate, 2-phenylazo-2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, dimethyl-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, 2-(carbamoylazo)isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropane), 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine), free base or hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane), free base or hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis{2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]propionamide} or 2,2′-azobis{2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide.

Preferred peroxides and hydroperoxides are acetyl cyclohexane sulphonyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, t-amyl perneodecanoate, t-butyl perneodecanoate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-amylperpivalate, bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide, diisononanoyl peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dioctanoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, bis(2-methylbenzoyl) peroxide, disuccinic acid peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, t-butyl per 2-ethylhexanoate, bis-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-peroxide, t-butyl perisobutyrate, t-butyl permaleinate, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, t-butyl peroxy isopropyl carbonate, t-butyl perisononaoate, 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,5-dibenzoate, t-butyl peracetate, t-amyl perbenzoate, t-butyl perbenzoate, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy) butane, 2,2 bis (t-butylperoxy) propane, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-di-t-butylperoxide, 3-t-butylperoxy 3-phenylphthalide, di-t-amyl peroxide, α, α′-bis(t-butylperoxy isopropyl)benzene, 3,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,5-dimethyl 1,2-dioxolane, di-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethylhexyne-2,5-di-t-butylperoxide, 3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl 1,2,4,5-tetraoxa cyclononane, p-menthane hydroperoxide, pinane hydroperoxide, diisopropylbenzene mono-α-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide or t-butyl hydroperoxide.

These compounds are commercially available.

If more than one radical source is used, a mixture of substitution patterns is obtainable.

The radical source is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 30 mol-%, more preferred in an amount of from 0.1 mol-% to 20 mol-% and most preferred in an amount of from 0.5 mol-% to 10 mol-% based on the monomer or monomer mixture.

The molar ratio of the radical source to the compound of formulae Ib, IIb or IIIb may be from 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from 1:5 to 5:1 and more preferably from 1:2 to 2:1.

Still another subject of the present invention is a process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer/oligomer, which comprises subjecting the above composition to heat or actinic radiation.

The composition is preferably subjected to heat from 90° C. to 160° C.

A further subject of the invention is a compound of formula Ib or IIb

wherein n is 1 or 2; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups start polymerization for example with a second monomer which then results in the formation of a block copolymer as already described above.

Further subjects of the invention are the use of a compound of formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers and the use of a compound of formulae Ib or 11b together with a source of free radicals for the polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer.

Definitions and preferences for the various substituents have already been mentioned. They apply also for the other subjects of the invention including the preferences and the individual compounds.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE A1 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Tabelle 4. compound 10)

The compound is prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626 (example 5).

EXAMPLE A2 7,9-diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 4, compound 18)

The title compound is prepared by oxidising 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decan, prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626. A red oil is obtained. Elemental analysis for C₁₅H₂₈NO₄ calculated: C, 62.91%; H, 9.85%; N, 4.89%; found: C, 62.83%; H, 9.83%; N, 4.75%.

EXAMPLE A3 8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl (Tabelle 2, compound 35)

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; with the proviso that compounds D, E, F, G, H

Yet another subject of the invention is a polymer or oligomer, having attached at least one oxyamine group derived from formula Ia, IIa or IIIa.

The polymers or oligomers can also be termed macroinitiators, since they have thermally labile bound the oxyamine group via the oxygen atom. They can be used to

The title compound is prepared by oxidising 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decan, prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,626. A red oil is obtained. Elemental analysis for C₁₅H₂₈NO₄ calculated: C, 68.42%; H, 10.81; N, 4.69; found: C, 68.21%; H, 10.66%; N, 4.63%.

EXAMPLE A4 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-Phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decane (Table 1, compound 10)

To a solution of 10.3 g (0.04 mol) 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decan-8-oxyl (Table 2, compound 10) in 40 ml ethylbenzene 8.3 ml (0.06 mol) 70% t-butyl-hydroperoxide in water and 0.7 ml of a catalyst solution (containing 13.44 g CuCl₂ and 4.24 g LiCl in 153 ml ethanol) are added. The mixture is stirred at 65° C. until it is colorless (approximately 90 minutes). After cooling to room temperature 25 ml water and 5 g Na₂S₂O₅ are added and the mixture is vigorously stirred for 10 minutes. The organic phase is separated, washed with H₂O and the remaining ethylbenzene is evaporated. The residue chromatographically purified (SiO₂ hexane-ethylacetate (19:1)) and 10.3 g of the title compound is obtained as colorless oil. Elemental analysis for C₂₂H₃₅NO₃ calculated: C, 73.09%; H, 9.76%; N, 3.87%; found: C, 72.95%; H, 9.79%; N, 3.68%.

EXAMPLE A5 [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.51]dec-2-yl]-methanol (Table 1, compound 18)

The title compound is prepared in analogy to example A4 from 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-B-oxyl (Table 4, compound 18). Colorless oil, ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, d ppm): 7.4-7.1 m, (5 ArH), 4.7-4.55 m (1H), 4.3-3.55 m (5H), 2.1-0.5 m (26H).

EXAMPLE A6 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-15-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane (Table 1, compound 35)

The title compound is prepared in analogy to example A4 from 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5,5]undecan-9-oxyl (Table 4, compound 35). Colorless oil. Elemental analysis for C₂₅H₄₁NO₃ calculated: C, 74.40%; H, 10.24%; N, 3.47%; found: C, 74.19%; H, 10.43%; N, 3.43%.

B) Polymerizations with n-Butylacrylate Using Compounds of Formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa as Initiators/Regulators

General Remarks:

Solvents and monomers are distilled over a Vigreux column under argon atmosphere or under vacuum, shortly before being used.

To remove oxygen all polymerization reaction mixtures are flushed before polymerization with argon and evacuated under vacuum applying a freeze-thaw cycle. The reaction mixtures are then polymerized under argon atmosphere.

At the start of the polymerization reaction, all starting materials are homogeneously dissolved.

Conversion is determined by removing unreacted monomers from the polymer at 80° C. and 0.002 torr for 30 minutes, weighing the remaining polymer and subtract the weight of the initiator.

Characterization of the polymers is carried out by MALDI-MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry) and/or GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography).

MALDI-MS: Measurements are performed on a linear TOF (Time Of Flight) MALDI-MS LDI-1700 Linear Scientific Inc., Reno, USA. The matrix is 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and the laser wavelength is 337 nm.

GPC: Is performed using RHEOS 4000 of FLUX INSTRUMENTS. Tetrahydrofurane (THF) is used as a solvent and is pumped at 1 ml/min. Two chromatography columns are put in series: type Plgel 5 μm mixed-C of POLYMER INSTRUMENTS, Shropshire, UK. Measurements are performed at 40° C. The columns are calibrated with low polydispersity polystyrenes having Mn from 200 to 2 000 000 Dalton. Detection is carried out using a RI-Detector ERC-7515A of ERCATECH AG at 30° C.

EXAMPLE B1 Polymerization of n-Butylacrylate with Compound 10, Table 1 (Example A4) at 145° C.

In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 644 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 10, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 11.1 g (74%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

Mn=6460, Mw=8280, PD=1.28

EXAMPLE B2 Polymerization of n-Butylacrylate with Compound 35, Table 1 (Example A6) at 145° C.

In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 718 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 35, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 12.3 g (82%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained.

Mn=6630, Mw=8450, PD=1.27

EXAMPLE B3 Polymerization of n-Butylacrylate with Compound 18. Table 1 (Example A5) at 145° C.

In a 50 ml three neck flask, equipped with thermometer, cooler and magnetic stirrer, 679 mg (1.78 mmol) of compound 18, Table 1 and 15 g (117 mmol) of n-butylacrylate are mixed and degased. The clear solution obtained is heated under argon to 145° C. and polymerization is carried out during 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 60° C. The remaining monomer is removed by evaporation under high vacuum. 12.37 g (82.5%) of the initial monomer have reacted. A clear yellow viscous fluid is obtained. Mn=7000, Mw=9000, PD=1.29

C) Polymerizations with Styrene Using Compounds of Formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa as Initiators/Regulators

In an evacuated Schlenk tube, flushed with Argon and equipped with magnetic stirrer, the amount of nitroxylether given in Table 6 is added to 50 mol freshly distilled n-styrene under an Argon atmosphere. The Schlenk tube is closed and the remaining oxygen is removed in two freeze thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen. The tube is filled with Argon and heated to the temperatures given in Table 6 for 6 hours with stirring. The remaining monomer is removed under vacuum at room temperature. Drying is continued until constant weight of the residue. Molecular weight and distribution are determined using gel permeation chromatography with tetrahydrofurane and calibrated with polystyrene standards. The results are given in Table 6. TABLE 6 Temp Amount of Conversion M_(n) M_(w) Exp. No. (° C.) regulator (%) (GPC) (GPC) M_(w)/M_(n) C0 130   1 mol % 82 C1 130 0.1 mol % 81 42700 62800 1.47 C2 120   1 mol % 65 620 7400 1.19 C3 120 0.1 mol % 55 35000 47900 1.37 C4 110   1 mol % 40 3800 4700 1.25 C5 110 0.1 mol % 28 22700 28300 1.25 C6 100   1 mol % 20 1700 2800 1.65 C7 100 0.1 mol % 15 13100 17800 1.36

1 mol % corresponds to 8.72×10⁻² mol NOR/I styrene, 0.1 mol % corresponds to 8.72×11 mol NOR/I styrene.

Initiator regulator is compound 35, Table 1 

1. A polymerizable composition, comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, and b) a compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

wherein n is 1 or 2; X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, —CH₂CH═CH₂, CH₃CH—CH═CH₂, 3-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, (C₁-C₄alkyl)CR₂₀—C(O)-phenyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—N-di(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH₂, wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁,)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene.
 2. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound is of formula Ia or IIa.
 3. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl and the other substituents are as defined in claim
 1. 4. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is CH₃CH-phenyl and the other substituents are as defined in claim
 1. 5. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, 3-cyclohexenyl,; n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms.
 6. A polymerizable composition according to claim 5 wherein in the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa X is CH₃CH-phenyl; n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.
 6. A polymerizable composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound of formula Ia or IIa is 1.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 2.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 3.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidine 4.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 5.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 6.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 7.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 8.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 9.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 10.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 11.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 12.) 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 13.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane 14.) 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 15.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 16.) 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 17.) 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane 18.) [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol 19.) Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-8-hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 20.) Octadecanoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester 21.) Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl-8-hydroxy-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 22.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 23.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 24.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 25.) Octanedioic acid bis-[7,9-d]ethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl]ester 26.) Terephthalic acid bis-[7,9-d]ethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl]ester 27.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-d]ethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane 28.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9-pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 29.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9-pentamethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 30.) 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 31.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 32.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 33.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 34.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 35.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane 36.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 37.) 3,3,8,10-Tetraethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane 38.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane 39.) 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro-[5.5]undecane 40.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]-hexadec-11-ene 41.) [8,10-Diethyl-3,7, 8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol 42.) [3,8,10-Triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol 43.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 44.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 45.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 46.) Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester 47.) Octanedioic acid bis-[8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl]ester 48.) 1,6-Bis-{3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-methyloxy}-hexane 49.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane-3-carboxylic acid 50.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 51.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester 52.) 3,3-Bisspiro-{8,10-diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane} 53.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-ene 54.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 55.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 56.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidine 57.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 58.) 2,2-Dimethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 59.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 60.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 61.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 62.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine 63.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 64.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 65.) 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 66.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 67.) 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 68.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-octyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 69.) 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 70.) 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 71.) [7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol 72.) Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-8-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 73.) Octadecanoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester 74.) Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-8-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester; compound with isopropyl-benzene 75.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane 76.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 77.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]decane 78.) Octanedioic acid bis-[7,7-d]ethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro-[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl]ester 79.) Terephthalic acid bis-[7,7-d]ethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl]ester 80.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane 81.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 82.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,3,9,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 83.) 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 84.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 85.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-B-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 86.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 87.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 88.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane 89.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 90.) 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane 91.) 8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 92.) 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecane 93.) 2,2-Dimethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene 94.) [8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol 95.) [3,8,8-Triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol 96.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 97.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 98.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane 99.) Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undec-3-ylmethyl ester 100.) Octanedioic acid bis-[8,8-d]ethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl]ester 101.) 1,6-Bis{([3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methyloxy}-hexane 102.) 8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid 103.) 8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 104.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester 105.) 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane} 106.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-ene
 7. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the compound of formula Ia or IIa is 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-1-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-piperidine; 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane; 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane; [7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro(4.5]dec-2-yl]-methanol; 8,1,0-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane; 8,1,0-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane; 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-3-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-ene; [8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-9-(1-phenyl-ethoxy)-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methanol or 9-(Cyclohex-2-enyloxy)-8,10-diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane.
 8. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, styrene, substituted styrene, conjugated dienes, acrolein, vinyl acetate, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, maleic anhydride, (alkyl)acrylic acidanhydrides, (alkyl)acrylic acid salts, (alkyl)acrylic esters, (meth)acrylonitriles, (alkyl)acrylamides, vinyl halides or vinylidene halides.
 9. A composition according to claim 8, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomers are ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, i-butylene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, α-C₅-C₁₈alkene, styrene, α-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene or a compound of formula CH₂═C(R_(a))—(C=Z)-R_(b), wherein R_(a) is hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl, R_(b) is NH₂, O⁻(Me⁺), glycidyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, C₂-C₁₀₀alkoxy interrupted by at least one N and/or O atom, or hydroxy-substituted C₁-C₁₈alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₈alkylamino, di(C₁-C₁₈alkyl)amino, hydroxy-substituted C₁-C₁₋₈alkylamino or hydroxy-substituted di(C₁-C₁₈alkyl)amino, —O—CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂ or —O—CH₂—CH₂—N+H(CH₃)₂An⁻; An⁻ is a anion of a monovalent organic or inorganic acid; Me is a monovalent metal atom or the ammonium ion. Z is oxygen or sulfur.
 10. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa is present in an amount of from 0.01 mol-% to 20 mol-%,
 11. A process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer, which comprises (co)polymerizing the monomer or monomers/oligomers in the presence of an initiator compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa under reaction conditions capable of effecting scission of the O—C bond to form two free radicals, the radical .X being capable of initiating polymerization.
 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the scission of the O—C bond is effected by heating and takes place at a temperature of between 50° C. and 160° C.
 13. A compound of formula Ia, IIa or IIIa

wherein n is 1 or 2; X is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂-phenyl, CH₃CH-phenyl, (CH₃)₂C-phenyl, (C₅-C₆cycloalkyl)₂CCN, (CH₃)₂CCN, —CH₂CH═CH₂, CH₃CH—CH═CH₂, 3.cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclo-pentenyl, (C₁-C₄alkyl)CR₂₀—C(O)-phenyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—N-di(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkyl-CR₂₀—C(O)—NH₂, wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R¹,)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R¹,)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; with the proviso that compounds A, B, C are excluded


14. A polymerizable composition, comprising a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer or oligomer; b) a compound of formula Ib or IIb

wherein n is 1 or 2; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R₁)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; —R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and c) a source of free radicals capable of initiating polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
 15. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14 wherein in the compound of formula Ib, 11b or 111b n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, phenyl or benzyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R¹,)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R¹,)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or; wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.
 16. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14 wherein the compound of formula Ib or lib is 1.) 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 2.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 3.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 4.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 5.) 2,6-Dimethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 6.) 2,6-Diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 7.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 8.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 9.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 10.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 11.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 12.) 2,7,9-Triethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 13.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 14.) 2-Butyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 15.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-2-octyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 16.) 2-Decyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 17.) 2-Dodecyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 18.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 19.) Acetic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 20.) Octadecanoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 21.) Benzoic acid 7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 22.) 7,9-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 23.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 24.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 25.) Octanedioic acid bis-(7,9-diethyl-8-oxyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester 26.) Terephthalic acid bis-(7,9-diethyl-8-oxyl6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl)ester 27.) 1,4-Bis-{[7,9-d]ethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane 28.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,2,6,7,9-pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 29.) 7,9-Diethyl-2,3,6,7,9-pentamethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 30.) 2,3-Benzo-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 31.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,9-diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 32.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl 33.) 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl 34.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 35.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 36.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 37.) 3,3,8,10-Tetraethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 38.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 39.) 3-Butyl-3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 40.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl 41.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 42.) 3,8,10-Triethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 43.) 8,10-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 44.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]-undecan-9-oxyl 45.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 46.) Acetic acid 8,10-diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl 47.) Octanedioic acid bis-(8,10-diethyl-9-oxyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl) ester 48.) 1,6-Bis-{3,8,10-triethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undec-3-methyloxy}-hexane 49.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid-9-oxyl 50.) 8,10-Diethyl-3,7, 8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl 51.) 8,10-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl 52.) 3,3-Bisspiro-{8,10-diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane} 53.) 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3-oxyl 54.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 55.) 4,4-Diethoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 56.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-dipropoxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 57.) 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 58.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-diisobutoxy-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 59.) 2,2-Diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-4,4-bis-octyloxy-piperidin-1-oxyl 60.) 4,4-Bis-allyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 61.) 4,4-Bis-cyclohexyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 62.) 4,4-Bis-benzyloxy-2,2-diethyl-6,6-dimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl 63.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-B-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 64.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4,5]decan-8-oxyl 65.) 2,7,7-Triethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 66.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-propyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 67.) 2-Butyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 68.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-2-octyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 69.) 2-Decyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 70.) 2-Dodecyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 71.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 72.) Acetic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 73.) Octadecanoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 74.) Benzoic acid 7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl ester-8-oxyl 75.) 7,7-Diethyl-2-methoxymethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 76.) 2-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 77.) 2-Benzyloxymethyl-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 78.) Octanedioic acid bis-(7,7-diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester 79.) Terephthalic acid bis-(7,7-diethyl-8-oxyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-ylmethyl) ester 80.) 1,4-Bis-{([7,7-d]ethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-2-yl]-methyloxy}-butane 81.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-B-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 82.) 7,7-Diethyl-2,3,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl 83.) 2,3-Benzo-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane 84.) 2,3-Cyclohexano-7,7-diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-8-oxyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane 85.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid-8-oxyl 86.) 7,7-Diethyl-9,9-dimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester-8-oxyl 87.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 88.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 89.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 90.) 3,3,8,8-Tetraethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 91.) 8,8-Diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-3-propyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 92.) 3-Butyl-3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 93.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl 94.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 95.) 3,8,8-Triethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 96.) 8,8-Diethyl-3-methoxymethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 97.) 3-Cyclohexyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 98.) 3-Benzyloxymethyl-8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl 99.) Acetic acid 8,8-diethyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-ylmethyl ester-9-oxyl 100.) Octanedioic acid bis-(8,8-diethyl-9-oxyl-3,10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5,5]undec-3-ylmethyl) ester 101.) 1,6-Bis{[3,8,8-triethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-3-yl]-methyloxy}-hexane 102.) 8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid-9-oxyl 103.) 8,8-Diethyl-3, 10,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester-9-oxyl 104.) 8,8-Diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester-9-oxyl 105.) 3,3-Bisspiro{8,8-diethyl-10,10-dimethyl-9-oxyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane} 106.) 2,2-Diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7,12-dioxa-3-aza-spiro[5.6]dodec-9-en-3-oxyl
 17. A polymerizable composition according to claim 14 wherein the compound of formula Ib or 11b is 4,4-Dibutoxy-2,6-diethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl; 7,9-Diethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl; 7,9-Diethyl-2,6,7,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl; 7,9-Diethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-6,7,9-trimethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decan-8-oxyl; 8,1,0-Diethyl-7,8,10-trimethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl; 8,1,0-Diethyl-3,3,7,8,10-pentamethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl; 2,4-Diethyl-1,2,4-trimethyl-7,16-dioxa-3-aza-dispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadec-11-en-3-oxyl; 8,1,0-Diethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-3,7,8,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxa-9-aza-spiro[5.5]undecan-9-oxyl
 18. A process for preparing an oligomer, a cooligomer, a polymer or a copolymer (block or random) by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono-mer/oligomer, which comprises subjecting the composition according to claim 14 to heat or actinic radiation.
 19. A compound of formula Ib or IIb

wherein n is 1 or 2; if n is 1 Y and Y′ are independently C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₃-C₁₂alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂alkinyl, C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or Y and Y′ together form one of the bivalent groups —C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, CH(R¹,)—CH₂—C(R₂)(R₃)—, —CH(R₂)—CH₂—C(R₁)(R₃)—, —CH₂—C(R₁)(R₂)—CH(R₃)—, o-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyliden, —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂— or

wherein R₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, COOH, COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl or CH₂OR₄; R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, methyl ethyl, COOH or COO—(C₁-C₁₂)alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, benzyl, or a monovalent acyl residue derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monocarboxylic acid having up to 18 carbon atoms; if n is 2 Y and Y′ together form one of the tetravalent groups

Q is a bisacyl residue which is derived from a C₂-C₁₂dicarboxylic acid or C₁-C₁₂alkylene; and Z is C₁-C₁₂alkylene; with the proviso that compounds D, E, F, G, H


20. A polymer or oligomer, having attached at least one oxyamine group derived from formula Ia, IIa or IIIa according to claim
 1. 21. Use of a compound of formulae Ia, IIa or IIIa according to claim 1 for the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
 22. Use of a compound of formulae Ib or lib according to claim 14 together with a source of free radicals for the polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. 